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DINDIGUL, TAMIL NADU, India
Cool student . practical person luv 2 make friends ... I graduated BE in Electronics& Instrumentation . . Actually im an entertainment adict love to watch more movies again and again also love to hear songs .

Saturday, August 16, 2014

விண்ணில் செயற்கைக்கோள்களை இஸ்ரோ ஏவும் நோக்கம்-ISRO is on the track



"திங்கறதுக்கே சோறு இல்லையாம்… இதுல இவனுக ராக்கெட் விடுறானுகலாம்… ராக்கெட்டு…" இதுதான் ஒவ்வொரு முறையும் ராக்கெட் விண்ணில் ஏவப்படும்போது டீக்கடை விமர்சகர்களின் கருத்தாக இருக்கும். அவர்களின் வாயை அடக்கும் விதமாகவும், ராக்கெட் ஏவுவதினால் இந்திய விண்வெளி ஆய்வுக் கழகமான இஸ்ரோவிற்கு கணிசமான வருமானம் கிடைக்கிறது என்பதை உணர்த்தும் விதமாகவும், 5 வெளிநாட்டு செயற்கைக்கோள்களை இஸ்ரோ 30/06/2014 விண்ணில் ஏவியது . அந்தத் திட்டத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம் மற்றும், அதன் செயல்பாடுகள் குறித்து பார்க்கலாம்.
  

 நோக்கம்:

சுயமாக ஒரு செயற்கைக்கோளை கட்டமைத்து, அதனை நிர்ணயிக்கப்பட்ட சுற்றுப்பாதையில் நிலை நிறுத்தும் திறன் படைத்த நாடுகளின் தர வரிசைப்பட்டியலில் இந்தியா 5 வது இடத்தில் உள்ளது. இதனை மீண்டும் உறுதிப்படுத்தும் முயற்சியாக, பல்வேறு நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த செயற்கைக்கோள்களை வெற்றிகரமாக விண்ணில் ஏவியுள்ள இஸ்ரோ, பிரான்ஸ், ஜெர்மனி, கனடா, சிங்கப்பூர், ஆகிய 4 நாடுகளைச் சேர்ந்த 5 செயற்கைக்கோள்களை விண்ணில் ஏவவுள்ளது. இந்த திட்டத்தின் மூலம் இஸ்ரோவிற்கு கணிசமான வருமானம் கிடைக்கவுள்ளது.

தொடர் வெற்றியில் PSLV:

இந்தியாவைப் பொறுத்தளவில் செயற்கைக்கோள்களை விண்ணில் செலுத்துவதற்கு இரண்டு வகையான ஏவூர்திகளை பயன்படுத்தி வருகிறோம். அவை GSLV, PSLV இவற்றில் PSLV யைப் பொறுத்தளவில் இது 27 வது முயற்சி… இதில் ஏற்கெனவே 26 வெற்றிகளைப் பெற்றுள்ள இந்தியா, சமீபகாலமாக PSLV யின் நவீன ரகமான PSLV "XL" வகை ஏவூர்திகளை பயன்படுத்தி வருகிறது. குறிப்பாக PSLV C-11 ஐ பயன்படுத்தி சந்திரனுக்கு சந்திராயனையும், PSLV C-25 ஐ பயன்படுத்தி செவ்வாய் கிரகத்திற்கு மங்கள்யானையும், செலுத்திய இஸ்ரோ, மற்ற தகவல் தொடர்பு பயன்பாட்டிற்கான செயற்கைக்கோள்களையும் அனுப்பியுள்ளது.

இந்த தொடர் வெற்றிகளின் அடுத்த கட்டமாக தற்போது விண்ணில் பாயவுள்ள PSLV C-23 ஏவூர்தி 230 டன் எடையும் 44.4 மீட்டர் உயரமும் கொண்டது. 4 அடுக்குகளைக் கொண்ட இந்த ஏவூர்தியில் திட மற்றும் திரவ எரிபொருட்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. மேலும் இந்த ஏவூர்தியில் வைத்து அனுப்பப்படும் செயற்கைக்கோளின் எடை குறைவு என்பதால், ஏவூர்தியின் வெளிப்புறத்தில் பொருத்தப்பட்டிருக்கும் திட எரிபொருளில் இயங்கும் உந்துவிகள் இணைக்கப்படவில்லை. இவ்வாறு செலுத்தப்படும் 10 வது ஏவூர்தி இதுவாகும்.

செயற்கைக்கோள்களும் அதன் பயன்பாடுகளும்:

1. SPOT-7 - பிரான்ஸ்: பூமியைப் பற்றிய ஆய்விற்காக.

2. AISAT - ஜெர்மனி: கப்பல் போக்குவரத்து, வழித்தடம் குறித்த பயன்பாட்டிற்காக செலுத்தப்படுகிறது. நானோ செயற்கைக்கோள்களில் முதல் DLR செயற்கைக்கோள்.

3. NLS7.1 (Can-X4) - கனடா: துல்லியமான அளவீடுகளுக்காக பயன்படவுள்ளது.

4. NLS7.2 (Can-X5) - கனடா: துல்லியமான அளவீடுகளுக்காக பயன்படவுள்ளது.

5.VELOX-1 - சிங்கப்பூர்: கட்டிட வரை படம் தயாரிக்க பயன்படும்.

எவ்வாறு ஏவப்படுகிறது ?

5 வெளிநாட்டு செயற்கைக்கோளை விண்ணில் நிலைநிறுத்தப் பயன்படும் ஏவூர்தியான PSLV C-23 ஏற்கனவே ஷ்ரிஹரிகோட்டாவில் உள்ள முதலாவது ஏவுதளத்தில் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்டு, செயற்கைக் கோளும் பொருத்தப்பட்டு தயாராக இருக்கிறது. இந்த ஏவுதளத்தைப் பொறுத்தளவில் முழுக்க முழுக்க உள்நாட்டிலேயே உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகப்பெரிய 5 மாடி கட்டிடம் உயரம் கொண்ட இந்த ஏவுதளம், நகரும் வகையிலும், பேரிடர் காலங்களில் பாதிக்கப்படா வண்ணமும் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

இந்த ராக்கெட்டை ஏவுவதற்கான கவுண்டவுன் நேரத்தில் ராக்கெட்டிற்கு தேவையான எரிபொருட்களை நிரப்புதல், ராக்கெட் செல்லும் பாதையை கண்காணித்தல் உள்ளிட்ட பணிகளும், ராக்கெட்டை ஏவுவதற்கான ஆயத்தப்பணிகள் என அனைத்துப் பணிகளும் ஷ்ரிஹரிகோட்டாவில் உள்ள முதன்மை கட்டுப்பாட்டு அறையில்தான் நடைபெறும்.

கவுண்டவுன் நிறைவடைந்ததும், விண்ணில் சீறிப்பாயும் ராக்கெட்டின் முதல் தளம் 110.6 வது நொடியிலும், இரண்டாவது தளம், 262.2 வது வது நொடியிலும், மூன்றாவது தளம், 521.2 வது நொடியிலும், பிரிந்துவிடும், இறுதியாக 4 வது தளத்தில் இருந்து ராக்கெட் ஏவப்பட்ட 1073.4 வது நொடியில் பிரான்ஸின் SPOT-7 செயற்கைக் கோள் தனியாக பிரிந்து பூமியை சுற்ற ஆரம்பித்துவிடும், அதேபோல், ஜெர்மனியின் AISAT செயற்கைக்கோள் 1113.7 நொடியிலும், கனடாவின் NLS7.1 செயற்கைக்கோள் 1143.7 நொடியிலும், NLS7.1 1173.7 நொடியிலும் , சிங்கப்பூரின் VELOX-1 செயற்கைக்கோள் 1198.7 வது நொடியிலும் பிரிந்து அதனதன் சுற்றுப்பாதையில் நிலை நிறுத்தப்படும். இதற்கான கட்டளைகள் அனைத்தும், ஷ்ரிஹரிகோட்டாவில் உள்ள முதன்மை கட்டுப்பாட்டு அறையில் இருந்தே பிறப்பிக்கப்படும், இதனையடுத்து அந்தந்த நாடுகளில் உள்ள செயற்கைக் கோள் கட்டுப்பாட்டு மையத்தின் கட்டுப்பாட்டிற்கு வந்துவிடும்.

இதனால் என்ன பயன் ?

1. ஒரு வெளிநாட்டு செயற்கைக்கோளை ஏவுவதின் மூலம் ரூ.5 கோடி முதல் ரூ.100 கோடி வரை இஸ்ரோவிற்கு வருமானம் கிடைக்கும், இந்த வருமானத்தின் மூலம், இஸ்ரோ தனது மற்ற திட்டங்களுக்கு மத்திய அரசை நம்பியிருக்கத் தேவையில்லை.

2. மற்ற நாடுகளின் செயற்கைக்கோளை நாம் விண்ணில் நிலை நிறுத்தித்தருவதின் மூலம், உலக நாடுகளோடு நல்லுறவு மேம்பட அடித்தளமாக இருக்கும்.

3. ஏற்கெனவே 35 வெளிநாட்டு செயற்கைக்கோள்களை விண்ணில் நிலை நிறுத்தியுள்ள இஸ்ரோ, மேலும் 5 செயற்கைக்கோள்களை PSLV C-23 மூலம் கொண்டு செல்வதின் மூலம் அதன் எண்ணிக்கை 40 ஆக உயர்கிறது. இதனால் பல்வேறு நாடுகள் இஸ்ரோவுடன் வர்த்தக ரீதியான உறவு வைத்துக்கொள்ள விரும்பும்.

இதுபோன்ற திட்டங்கள் நமக்கு உத்வேகத்தை அளிப்பதோடு, அறிவியல் மீதான ஆர்வத்தை இன்றைய மாணவர்களுக்கு ஏற்படுத்த அடித்தளமாக இருக்கும்.


Saturday, June 21, 2014

10 Most Violent Cities in The World

10. Karachi, Pakistan
10 Most Violent Cities
There is a high threat from terrorism and sectarian violence throughout Pakistan, with several attacks taking place in Karachi in 2011-12. Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan. It’s also its largest seaport and financial hub. Although Karachi is home to between 14-21 million people, it has also become wracked with lawlessness and crime. This former capital of Pakistan has been overrun by political violence, gang shootings, and even suicide bombings.
While it’s per Capita murder rate is low compared to some of the other “murder capitals” on this list, Karachi is the most dangerous of the world’s mega-cities, with a murder rate of 12.3 per 100,000 residents (Al Jazeera). None of the world’s 13 largest cities come within 25% of Karachi’s exceptional murder rate.
Amongst the political in-fighting and lawlessness, Karachi has become especially famous for its motorbike riding assassins, known as “target killers”. For $700-$1000, these target killers will assassinate police, protesters, businessmen, and political opponents.
9. Belem, Brazil
Brazil
Belém is a natural gateway for cocaine streaming in from the surrounding countries of Columbia, Bolivia, and Peru. The dense amazonian jungle surrounding this city makes it perfect for smuggling in drugs, where they can be exported all over Brazil and around the world. The rise in cocaine use in the country has surely contributed to Belém’s place as one of the most dangerous cities in the world
The violence isn’t limited to drug killings; people are even murdered for trying to protect the Amazon rainforest. Cattle barons have been known to hire professional assassins to take out activists, land reform advocates, and smaller farmers who refuse to give into extortion and strong arm tactics. Crime stats are
Homicides: 1639
Inhabitants: 2,100,319
Murder rate: 78.04
8. Cape Town, South Africa
Cape Town
One of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, Cape Town is also a city that is battling extremely high crime rates. Prone to mugging, it is one of the most unsafe cities at night, especially for women. The high level of crime is attributed to the disparity between socioeconomic classes.
7. Nairobi, Kenya
Nairobi, Kenya
There is a severe threat of terrorism in Nairobi, with frequent attacks being carried out. Westerners are also warned of all but essential travel to low-income areas of the city, which experience high crime levels. Also, incidences of street crime are very high in the city. Night time travel in the city is very unsafe with mugging and looting being a routine affair.
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6. Sana’a, Yemen
Sana’a, Yemen
Since the Mercer Survey in December, the security situation in Yemen has rapidly deteriorated, due to uprisings against the government and instability opening a door for terrorism. Both the State Department and the British Foreign Office are advising against all travel to Yemen and urging their citizens to leave while some commercial carriers are still flying there.
5. Caracas, Venezuela
Caracas, Venezuela
Venezuelan capital Caracas is a drug trafficking haven. Robbery and petty crimes are commonplace with police having very little say or will to control the situation.
Crime stats aree
Homicides: 3164
Inhabitants: 3,205,463
Murder rate: 98.71
4. Baghdad, Iraq
Baghdad, Iraq
After being the world’s most dangerous place for years immediately after the US invasion, Baghdad has calmed down, just a bit. After the withdrawal of military forces from Iraq, Baghdad suffers from a very unstable political climate. Years of bombings and counter bombings have destroyed most of the city’s infrastructure. Intermittent suicide bombings, random gunfire and roadside bombs continue to wreak havoc on the hapless citizens of the city by the Tigris.
3. Mogadishu, Somalia
Mogadishu, Somalia
Until recently, Somalia’s capital Mogadishu was undisputedly the world’s most dangerous city. The UN and embassies had pulled out in the 1990s, following the collapse of the last fully functioning government in 1991. Al Qaeda linked militants held sway over much of the city from 2007 until last August when African Union fighters pushed out al-Shabab, ending the daily grind of war.
2. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
Mexico is a drug haven and the city of Ciudad Juarez is its unofficial capital. Drug traffickers are notoriously violent and do pretty much whatever they want. With police mostly corrupt, Ciudad Juarez is known as one of the most violent places in the world outside of war zones. The crime statistics is
Homicides: 1974
Inhabitants: 1,335,890
Murder rate: 147.77
1. San Pedro Sula, Honduras
San Pedro Sula, Honduras
San Pedro Sula, Honduras — This is a city besieged by crime in all its forms: gang violence, drug cartel killings and rampant extortion compounded by a fear of authorities. Honduras is now among the most dangerous places on Earth. No other country matches its rate of crime. The crime statistics is
Homicides: 1,143
Inhabitants: 719,447
Murder rate: 158.87

Tuesday, April 8, 2014

Top 5 badminton players in india

5. Aparna Popat

She is a former Indian Badminton player who is a senior National Champion and has a world record of nine times between 1997 and 2006. She is a winner two commonwealth games, one Silver medal in 1998 at Kuala Lumpur and another Bronze medal in 2002 at Manchester. She has won Silver medal in 1996 Silkeborg for World Junior Championships. Aparna Popat departed the game in 2006 after giving 17 years to this profession because of her wrist injury. She pulled herself out of the game as the number one player in India and making our proud.
Aparna Popat

4. Chetan Anand

Chetan Anand Buradagunta is a four time National Badminton Champion in the year 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2010. He has tremendous success in badminton which made him win the most eminent Indian Arjuna Award. He has been one of the very consistent and diligent player who brought laurels to India.
Chetan Anand

3. Saina Nehwal

Saina is a new face of badminton and ever since she joined the ground she made only success stories. She attained the world ranking of 2 in December 2010. The list is long of her distinctly brilliant graph. She was the first Indian to win a Bronze medal in badminton for Olympics in 2012 held in London. She is the first Indian to win a Gold medal in World Junior Championships in 2008 held in Pune as well as the first Indian to win a Super Series Tournament on 21st June 2009. Saina is truly an iconic and one of the most inspirational badminton player that India has ever produced with 8 as her current world ranking in 2014 January. She also has in her bag the most prestigious awards as Arjuna Award in 2009, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 2010 and Padma Shri in 2010 respectively.
Saina Nehwal

2. Pullela Gopichand

Gopichand is a former legendary player of badminton after Prakash Padukone. He has won a Gold medal for All England Championship held in Birmingham in 2001. And he has also been a Bronze medal holder at Commonwealth Games in 1998 at Kuala Lumpur. His world ranking was 5 in 2001. Gopichand has been awarded with India’s most designated awards as Arjuna Award in 1999, Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 2001, Padma Shri in 2005, Dronacharya Award in 2009 and Padma Bhushan in 2014 for the outstanding contribution in badminton.
Pullela Gopichand

1. Prakash Padukone

Prakash is a recipient of Padam Shri in 1982. His father persuaded him to be in this game and as we all know the rest is history. His first international achievement was for Commonwealth Games in 1978 at Canada where he won a Gold Medal. Prakash was the first Indian to win a Gold medal for the All England Championships in 1980 at London. And in 1981 he won a Gold medal for World Cup held at Kuala Lumpur. Later in 1983 he won a Bronze medal for World Championships held at Copenhagen. Prakash Padukone has also won a National title for 7 years. There is a biography as ‘Touch Play’ by Dev S Sukumar which is the second biography of any badminton player till yet.
Prakash Padukone

Top 10 traditional Dresses of India

We are one country which has the wealth of diverse traditions and culture. With uniqueness in the form of languages, food and attire, we are the nation that can boast of unity in diversity with pride. Let us have a look at some of our traditional dresses of India which have become popular globally as well.

10. Kurta-Pyjama

Worn by men, the kurta-pyjama is worn across India. Be it a festive occasion or tradition ceremonies, the kurta is worn along with either the pyjama or churidaar. The other variety of this attire is the pathani suit (most commonly seen in Srinagar), which has become the fashion trend lately.
Kurta-Pyjama

9. Lungi

This traditional attire of India is most commonly worn in South India. They are made of silk or cotton and are a good respite from the summer heat. Most traditional ceremonies see men dressed up in lungis, not to forget the famous bhangra dance where the dancers look spellbinding in the lungi.
Lungi

8. Dhoti

Dhoti is mainly worn by villagers of India. However we nowadays see men wearing dhoti in combination with sherwani during wedding ceremonies as well. One can see men wearing dhoti across India.

7. Pheran

This traditional dress of Kashmir is a full length gown which is mostly worn during winter and is popular form of dressing amongst both men and women.
Pheran

6. Puanchei

This traditional dress of Mizoram is worn by women during festive occasions or marriage ceremonies. It is worn along with kawrechi, blouse for the girls, while performing the famous Bamboo dance.
Puanchei

5. Sharara

A replacement of the ghagra is sharara or gharara which is a loose pleated embroidered trouser. It is worn commonly along with a long kameez and a dupatta. It is the traditional Lucknowi attire which originated during the era of the Nawabs.
Sharara

4. Sherwani

Sherwani is a coat like attire worn by men. It is traditionally worn on formal occasions by men primarily of Northern descent. Another variation of it is the Achkan, a knee length jacket.
Sherwani

3. Ghagra Choli

Ghagra or Lehenga Choli is commonly worn by people from Gujarat and Rajasthan. There are different forms of this attire that are worn; one is the embroidered version which is worn during wedding ceremonies and the other is mirror embellished ghagra worn during the festive time of Navratri. Donned with the odhni this attire becomes more graceful.
Ghagra-Choli

2. Salwar or Churidar and Kameez

In the list of famous traditional dresses of India, this is the famous dressing combination well adapted across the nation. Some might replace the salwar with churidar and the kameez length can vary from short kurti’s to ankle length anarkali suits. This was primarily the traditional dress of people from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.
Salwar-or-Churidar-and-Kameez

1. Sari

Saris have seen an evolution with the diverse styles it offers. The most popular types are banarasi sari, kanjivaram sari, silk sari, pochampalli sari, patola sari etc. The draping style varies across the country; some drape it with the pallu on front and some with the pallu on back. This attire gives woman an elegant touch.

10 Ways Babies Are Better and Smarter Than Adults

What’s there to know about babies? They’re cute, they scream, and sometimes they sound like Bruce Willis. They’re also really smart. Sure, every parent thinks their baby is a genius, but truthfully, human infants genuinely are pretty intelligent. They can distinguish emotions, make logical deductions, and even grasp abstract concepts. In a lot of ways, they’re not so different from adults. Except they’re a lot smaller.

10Babies Can Understand Other People’s Thoughts

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Before we get started, we need to establish how scientists “interview” babies. As you might’ve noticed, infants are a little lacking in the conversational department, so scientists rely on other methods to interpret baby behavior. When conducting experiments, researchers pay close attention to how long babies look at an object. If a baby encounters something surprising or confusing, the child will stare at that object for a very long time. Keep that in mind as we work through this list.
Now, it’s long been common knowledge that babies don’t understand that other people have different ideas and emotions from their own. However, with new discoveries in the field of babyology happening every day, researchers are starting to have a new appreciation for infants’ ability to understand the thought processes of others.
Agnes Kovacs of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest ran an experiment on 56 kids, all seven months old. The children watched cartoons in which a character who looked like a Smurf observed a ball rolling on a table. Occasionally, the ball would stop behind a rectangle. However, after the character wandered off, the mischievous ball would move off-screen. The babies knew the ball was gone, but the character didn’t.
When Papa Smurf came back and discovered the ball was gone (via a dramatic removal of the rectangle), the babies acted surprised. They stared at the screen even though they knew the ball had rolled away. Researchers theorize their display of disbelief was because they were relating to the character onscreen. They were reacting to his reaction. They understood what he felt.
Kovacs isn’t some rogue psychologist bent on bucking the system. A similar test in 2011 by University of Missouri associate professor Yuyan Luo showed similar results, as did studies in 2005 and 2007. So perhaps we’ve been too critical of babies. Maybe they really do know what we’re thinking . . . which means these monsters know exactly what they’re doing when they start screaming in the middle of the night. Jerks.

9Babies Can Separate Speech From Gibberish

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Unless you’re Matt Smith, chances are pretty good you can’t speak “baby.” And since most infants aren’t voiced by Seth McFarlane, they have to jabber nonsensically while the rest of the world laughs at their adorableness. However, while babies can’t speak for themselves, they can definitely differentiate between actual speech and made-up gibberish.
Athena Vouloumanos of New York University played a series of recordings for a group of nine-month-old babies. The recordings included a wide array of noises, all of which could be divided into four sections. First, babies heard a female voice saying words like “truck” and “dinner.” Second, they heard a parrot mimicking human speech. Third and fourth, the kids heard human non-speech (throat clearing, whistling) and parrot sounds. While they focused on this eclectic mix tape, the babies were shown pictures of checkerboards, human faces, and a cup (basically, this was an avant-garde art show).
By noting how long babies stared at the images, scientists could tell if the kids comprehended what they were hearing. For example, when babies heard words spoken by a human, they stared at the pictures for a long time. They didn’t have a problem identifying the sound of a real person. As for the human sound effects, when the babies heard coughs and hacks, they didn’t pay any attention to the images on screen. They could easily tell the difference between language and gibberish.
However, things got trickier when the parrot started talking. If babies heard the bird say words like “two” or “bread” while staring at pictures of a face or a cup, they knew they were hearing speech, even if it wasn’t a human. But if the more human images were replaced with the more abstract checkerboard, the babies couldn’t tell the difference between the parrot mimicry and the parrot whistles. So basically, if you want to play mind games with your baby, buy a bird.

8Babies Know Animals Need Organs

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Animals have guts. Anybody driving down a highway in the American South can attest to that. But when do humans first realize all creatures great and small are packed full of intestines? Is it something we discover for ourselves, or is it something we just know? According to researchers at the University of Illinois, it’s hardwired into our brains. Just ask a baby.
Professor Renee Baillargeon and graduate student Peipei Setoh believe babies understand basic physical and psychological facts. For example, if an infant sees something moving around by itself and responding to its environment, then the baby assumes the object is alive. Wondering if babies also understand basic biology, they gave toys to a group of eight-month-olds and then broke the toys in half. If the toy seemed self-propelled and agentive (making noises), the babies were perplexed. They would stare at the hollow insides for a long time, puzzled as how to moving, noisy objects could lack organs.
In a second test, babies were given items covered in fur. It’s believed that by eight months, most kids know that “fur” indicates “animal,” so the researchers wrapped cans in beaver pelts and rolled them past the babies. However, when the cans were revealed to be empty, the infants stared and stared. Where was all the squishy stuff? On the other hand, they weren’t surprised the stationary cans were hollow.
Aside from being a cute experiment, Baillargeon and Setoh’s project shed an interesting light on our history as a species. Humans probably developed an inherent understanding of animal organs in order to stay alive. When you’re a hunter-gatherer, it helps to know the difference between living creatures and inanimate objects. For example, if you know a deer has a heart, then you can spear it and eat it. If you club a wolf in the brain, you can save yourself from becoming dinner. However, in today’s less primitive world, the experiment can still come in useful if you’re a bored parent looking to torture your children.

7Babies Can Sense If Their Parents Are Angry

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When you’re married with kids, things can get a bit tense. However, the next time you need to have a heated “discussion” with your spouse, you might want to step outside. It turns out babies—even sleeping babies—can sense if their parents are angry, and mad moms and dads might damage their psychological development.
In 2013, researchers from the University of Oregon had a group of mothers answer questions about how often they fought with their significant others. After the survey, the moms put their babies to sleep, and then the tykes were placed in an fMRI. As the machine whirred and banged, the babies napped while wearing headphones. While the kids snoozed, scientists played recordings of a male voice speaking gibberish. However, sometimes the voice was happy, sometimes it was neutral, and sometimes it was ticked off. All the while, scientists observed the baby’s brain activity based on their blood flow.
When the study was finished, scientists determined babies from “vocal” families responded quite differently to the angry voice than infants from more peaceful homes. Infants whose parents fought frequently had a much stronger reaction to the enraged recording, especially in areas of the brain related to stress and emotion regulation. Even though they were asleep, the babies could still sense hostility, and their brains responded negatively.
Though they’re not sure, psychologists worry that children exposed to parental arguing at an early age might grow up more anxious and stressed-out than other kids. So remember, parents, the next time you need to exercise your vocal cords, the baby is listening.

6Babies Can Learn Songs Before They’re Born

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You’ve probably seen moms who put headphones on their bellies so they can blast Mozart at their pre-borns. While their musical experiment might not create a wunderkind along the lines of Amadeus, there is some proof that listening to music is beneficial during prenatal development. According to researchers from the University of Helsinki, music can aid in key areas like speech development. Even more fascinating, the researchers discovered babies have a natural ear for music and can remember songs they heard in utero.
In 2013, the Helsinki scientists had 12 mothers play “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star” for their fetuses five times a week, while a control group of 12 expectant mothers skipped the daily music sessions. After delivery, the moms brought the babies back for testing, and using an EEG, scientists measured the infants’ brain activity while they listened to the lullaby. Scientists found that babies who’d listened to Mozart’s melody in the womb still recognized the song after birth. In fact, the babies continued to recognize the song for up to four months.
It just goes to show the human brain is an amazing organ. It also proves you should be careful what you play for your kids, or they’ll have that awful voice stuck in their head for a long time.

5Babies Can Show Sympathy

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Psychopaths aside, sympathy is one of the most basic human emotions. Defined as “feeling of concern for others,” sympathy helps us relate to those in pain. It drives every (legitimate) charity on the planet. And according to researchers at Kyoto University, it’s something we start feeling at a very young age.
In 2013, a team led by Shoji Itakura separated 40 babies into two groups and then turned on some rather zany movies. The first group saw a film where a malicious blue ball chased a yellow cube around the room. Despite the cube’s attempts to escape, the ball repeatedly hit the poor cube before smashing it against a wall. In the second group, babies watched a similar show, only this time, the shapes never interacted with each other.
Afterward, the babies were presented with toys, a blue ball and a yellow cube. In the second group that watched the violence-free program, babies showed no preference for either toy. However, in the first group that watched the vicious murder, 9 out of 10 babies chose the victimized cube. But were the children showing sympathy for the bullied shape? Or were they showing disdain for the bad guy?
To find out, researchers ran a second experiment. Twenty-four additional babies watched a show where a bully shape beat up a wimpy shape. Only this time, there was an extra character, a red cylinder that just stood there. After the show, two groups were offered two different sets of toys. The first group was given the villain shape and the neutral red cylinder. The second group was offered the victim and the red bystander. In the first group, babies overwhelmingly chose the cylinder. However, in the second group, almost all the kids chose the victim. Basically, even when the baddie wasn’t around, kids wanted to play with the bullied toy. They were showing sympathy for the victim. As for the rogue kids who chose the villains, well, they might end up in a future Listverse article on serial killers.

4Babies Can Reason

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Babies aren’t interested in philosophy. Most can’t even author a basic paper on the difference between Plato and Aristotle. However, despite their lackadaisical approach to the study of knowledge, Josh Tenenbaum of MIT believes babies are actually quite skilled at reasoning. In fact, he claims one-year-old infants are adept at making logical assumptions about how the world works. They even show surprise when things don’t match up with their expectations.
In his experiment, Tenebaum played a video for a group of one-year-olds that involved a container full of brightly colored balls. Three were blue, one was red, and they were happily bouncing around when suddenly the scientist covered the screen. While the babies’ vision was blocked, an object was removed from the can. When the scientist stepped away, voila—an object had disappeared.
What’s fascinating is that the babies reacted differently depending on what vanished and how long the TV had been covered. If the screen was blocked for 0.4 seconds and the object furthest from the can’s opening disappeared, the babies were baffled. How on earth did the ball at the back fall out first? However, if scientists covered the TV for two seconds, babies weren’t surprised at all if that same object disappeared. After all, there was plenty of time for it to roll out. The only exception was if the missing item was the red ball because, after all, it was different from the others.
So it seems that babies as young as one have a firm grasp on logic. It probably won’t be long before they’re reading “Discourse on the Method,” but let’s not put Descartes before the horse.

3Babies Understand Numbers

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There are two kinds of people in the world: those who like math, and those who hate it (this author despises it). But regardless of personal opinion, math is a vital part of everyday life, and our understanding of numbers separates us from every other being on the planet. While animals can count (monkeys can even add dots together), only humans use symbols to represent numbers (like “two” or “2”). However, that poses an interesting question. Is this something we learn from our teachers, or is it knowledge we’re born with?
In 2009, Veronique Izard of Harvard decided to answer that question by experimenting on 16 newborns, and by newborns, we’re talking babies only 7 to 100 hours old. The test started with Izard playing recordings of spoken syllables. For example, the babies might hear the sound “raaaa” five times and then hear “ra” 10 times. Afterward, babies listened to the recording while looking pictures of geometrical shapes. The cards might show five circles or 10 triangles. Shockingly, the majority of babies stared longer at cards displaying the same number of shapes as syllables on the recordings. If they heard four “ras,” they’d look at the picture with four objects and so on.
Izard’s study proves that infants have an innate sense of numbers. They can count before they even develop the ability to speak. However, not all babies are created equal. Some kids are better at distinguishing numbers than others, and chances are good those intelligent infants will grow up with better math skills. Your author was not one of those babies.

2Babies Are Self-Aware

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Unless afflicted with a disorder, humans are aware of their own body in the space around them. We understand where we are in relation to other objects and how we interact with the things around us. But what about babies? Are they self-aware? Do they understand the difference between themselves and the people around them?
Hoping to find an answer, Maria Laura Filippetti of the University of London worked with 40 newborns, ranging in age from 12 hours to four days. Their experiment involved a TV screen, a paintbrush, and a spin on a famous trick. Known as the rubber hand illusion, it involves stroking a person’s hand while hiding it from view. At the same time, you have to stroke a visible rubber hand. The simultaneous stroking tricks the subject into thinking the rubber hand is their own. While it’s great trick for boring parties (if you happen to have a spare prosthetic limb lying around), Filippetti decided to tweak the illusion for her younger audience.
Filippetti had babies watch a short film where an infant’s face was rubbed with a paintbrush. As the kids watched the tickle torture session on screen, Filipetti brushed the actual babies’ face as well. Sometimes the strokes were timed to match the action onscreen, while at other times, the strokes were delayed a few seconds. When all was said and done, Filippetti discovered the babies were fooled when stroked in tandem with the action on-screen.
However, when the strokes came late or when the movie was flipped upside down, the babies knew the difference between themselves and the kids onscreen. While the study was successful, here’s hoping the babies don’t develop an irrational fear of paintbrushes.

1Babies Can Tell The Difference Between Angry And Friendly Dogs

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Since time immemorial, there’s been an epic war between dogs and babies. The babies mercilessly pull dog tails and ears, and the pooches respond with mouths full of sharp teeth. However, infants might have the upper hand in this deadly game of kid vs. canine. Not only have they got backup (i.e., parents), but babies are extremely good at picking up on mutt emotions, a key tool in preventing preemptive dog attacks.
Led by Ross Florn, researchers at Brigham Young University ran an experiment on 128 infants, ranging in age from 6 to 24 months old. These kids, who’d previously had little or no exposure to dogs, were plopped in front of two very different photos. One was a picture of a friendly dog, all tongue and wagging tail, and the other was a hound from hell with razor fangs bared. While the babies didn’t show preference for either image at first, they perked up a bit when scientists played dog sound effects, one happy bark and one angry bark. Each time they heard a growl or a yap, the babies reacted correctly, staring at the image of the corresponding dog.
What’s really interesting is that babies responded differently according to age. For example, when scientists played an angry sound, the six-month-olds stared at the mad mutt for a long time. On the other hand, 24-month-olds simply looked at the correct picture for a few seconds before moving on to something more interesting. For the older babies, it was almost like the conclusion was so obvious that it wasn’t worth their time. Hopefully, they’ll pay more attention if they encounter a real canine.